What ocean lies to the east of africa

Eastern region of the African continent

East Africa
Eastern Africa
Countries	Sovereign states (11–19) Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Republic of malaŵi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe De facto country (1) Somaliland
Territories	Dependent territories (0–ii) British Indian Sea Territory French Southern Territories Internal territories (i–iii) Mayotte Réunion Socotra
Time zones	UTC+02:00 UTC+03:00 UTC+04:00

East Africa, Eastern Africa, or Eastward of Africa is the eastern subregion of the African continent. In the United nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions, xix* territories make up Eastern Africa:^[1]

Due to the historical Omani Empire and colonial territories of the British East Africa Protectorate and German East Africa, the term East Africa is often (especially in the English linguistic communication) used to specifically refer to the area at present comprising the 3 countries of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda.^{[ii] [3] [4] [5]} However, this has never been the convention in many other languages, where the term generally had a wider, strictly geographic context and therefore typically included Republic of djibouti, Eritrea, Federal democratic republic of ethiopia, and Somalia.^{[6] [7] [eight] [9] [10] [11] [12]}

• Tanzania, Kenya, Republic of uganda, Rwanda, Republic of burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo and S Sudan are members of the East African Customs. The start v are besides included in the African Great Lakes region. Republic of burundi and Rwanda are at times also considered to be office of Primal Africa.
• Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia are collectively known every bit the Horn of Africa.^{[13] [14] [15] [16] [17]} The area is the easternmost projection of the African continent.^[18]
• Union of the comoros, Republic of mauritius, and Seychelles – pocket-sized isle nations in the Indian Ocean.
• Réunion, Mayotte (geographically a part of the Comoro Islands) and the Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean – French overseas territories also in the Indian Ocean.
• Mozambique and Republic of madagascar – frequently considered office of Southern Africa, on the eastern side of the sub-continent. Madagascar has shut cultural ties to both Southeast Asia and East Africa, and the islands of the Indian Body of water.
• Republic of malaŵi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe – often also included in Southern Africa, and formerly constituted the Central African Federation (besides known historically as the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland).
• South Sudan and Sudan – collectively office of the Nile Valley. They are situated in the northeastern portion of the continent.^[19] As well members of the Common Market place for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) free merchandise expanse.

Geography and climate [edit]

Prototype of the region between Lake Victoria (on the right) and Lakes Edward, Kivu and Tanganyika (from northward to south) showing dumbo vegetation (bright green) and fires (red).

Some parts of East Africa have been renowned for their concentrations of wild animals, such equally the "big v": the elephant, buffalo, king of beasts, black rhinoceros,^[20] and leopard, though populations accept been failing under increased stress in recent times, especially those of the rhino and elephant.

The geography of East Africa is frequently stunning and breathtaking. Shaped by global plate tectonic forces that have created the East African Rift, E Africa is the site of Mount Kilimanjaro and Mountain Republic of kenya, the 2 tallest peaks in Africa. Information technology too includes the world's 2nd largest freshwater lake, Lake Victoria, and the world'south second deepest lake, Lake Tanganyika.

The climate of East Africa is rather atypical of equatorial regions. Because of a combination of the region's generally loftier distance and the rain shadow of the westerly monsoon winds created by the Rwenzori Mountains and Ethiopian Highlands, E Africa is surprisingly cool and dry for its breadth. In fact, on the coast of Somalia, many years can become by without any pelting whatsoever.^[21] Elsewhere the annual rainfall generally increases towards the southward and with altitude, being around 400 mm (xvi in) at Mogadishu and 1,200 mm (47 in) at Mombasa on the coast, whilst inland it increases from around 130 mm (5 in) at Garoowe to over one,100 mm (43 in) at Moshi near Kilimanjaro. Unusually, most of the rain falls in two singled-out moisture seasons, 1 centred on Apr and the other in October or November. This is usually attributed to the passage of the Intertropical Convergence Zone across the region in those months, but it may too exist analogous to the fall monsoon rains of parts of Sri Lanka, Vietnam, and the Brazilian Nordeste.

Due west of the Rwenzoris and Ethiopian highlands, the rainfall pattern is more typically tropical, with rain throughout the year about the equator and a single wet season in almost of the Ethiopian Highlands from June to September – contracting to July and August around Asmara. Annual rainfall here ranges from over 1,600 mm (63 in) on the western slopes to effectually 1,250 mm (49 in) at Addis Ababa and 550 mm (22 in) at Asmara. In the high mountains rainfall tin exist over 2,500 mm (98 in).

Rainfall in Eastward Africa is characterised past two main rainfall seasons, the long rains from March–May and the short rains from October- December. Rainfall variability is influenced by both El Niño events and a positive Indian Ocean Dipole. El Nino events tend to increase rainfall except in the northern and western parts of the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands, where they produce drought and poor Nile floods.^[22] Similarly, a positive Indian Sea Dipole outcome in warm bounding main-surface temperatures off the coast of East Africa and pb to increased rainfall over East Africa.^[23] Temperatures in East Africa, except on the hot and generally humid coastal chugalug, are moderate, with maxima of around 25 °C (77 °F) and minima of 15 °C (59 °F) at an altitude of i,500 metres (iv,921 ft). At altitudes of above 2,500 metres (8,202 ft), frosts are common during the dry out season and maxima typically virtually 21 °C (70 °F) or less.

The unique geography and apparent suitability for farming fabricated East Africa a target for European exploration, exploitation and colonialization in the nineteenth century. Today, tourism is an important part of the economies of Kenya, Tanzania, Republic of seychelles, and Republic of uganda. The easternmost point of the continent, that is Ras Hafun in Somalia, is of archaeological, historical and economic importance.^{[24] [25]}

History [edit]

Prehistory [edit]

According to the theory of the recent African origin of modern humans, the predominantly held belief among most archaeologists, East Africa is the area where anatomically modern humans first appeared.^[26] In that location are differing theories on whether there was a single exodus or several; a multiple dispersal model involves the Southern Dispersal theory.^[27] Some researchers have suggested that Due north Africa was the region of Africa from which modern humans who starting time trekked out of the continent.^[28]

Co-ordinate to both genetic and fossil evidence, it has been posited that archaic Homo sapiens evolved into anatomically modernistic humans in the Horn of Africa around 200,000 years ago and dispersed from there.^{[29] [30]} The recognition of Homo sapiens idaltu and Omo Kibish equally anatomically modern humans would justify the description of contemporary humans with the subspecies proper noun Human sapiens sapiens . Considering of their early dating and unique physical characteristics idaltu and kibish stand for the immediate ancestors of anatomically modernistic humans every bit suggested by the Out-of-Africa theory.^{[31] [32] [33] [34]}

In 2017 finds of mod human remains, dating to ca 300,000 years ago in Jebel Irhoud in Kingdom of morocco, suggested that modern humans arose before and possibly in a larger surface area of Africa than previously thought.^[35]

East Africa is one of the earliest regions where Homo sapiens are believed to have lived. Evidence was plant in 2018, dating to about 320,000 years agone, at the Kenyan site of Olorgesailie, of the early emergence of modern behaviors associated with Man sapiens, including: long-distance trade networks (involving goods such as obsidian), the apply of pigments, and the possible making of projectile points. Information technology is observed by the authors of 3 2018 studies on the site, that the show of these behaviors is approximately gimmicky to the primeval known Homo sapiens fossil remains from Africa (such as at Jebel Irhoud and Florisbad), and they propose that complex and modern behaviors had already begun in Africa around the time of the emergence of Homo sapiens.^{[36] [37] [38]}

In September 2019, scientists reported the computerized decision, based on 260 CT scans, of a virtual skull shape of the concluding common homo antecedent to modern humans/H. sapiens, representative of the earliest Homo sapiens, and suggested that Human sapiens arose between 350,000 and 260,000 years ago through a merging of populations in South and Eastward Africa.^{[39] [xl]}

The migration road of the "Out of Africa" theory probably occurred in East Africa still through Bab el Mandeb

Today at the Bab-el-Mandeb straits, the Red Sea is nigh 12 miles (20 kilometres) broad, but l,000 years ago it was much narrower and bounding main levels were 70 meters lower. Though the straits were never completely closed, at that place may accept been islands in between which could be reached using simple rafts.

Some of the earliest hominin skeletal remains accept been found in the wider region, including fossils discovered in the Brimful Valley of Federal democratic republic of ethiopia, every bit well equally in the Koobi Fora in Kenya and Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania.

The southern office of E Africa was occupied until recent times past Khoisan hunter-gatherers, whereas in the Ethiopian Highlands the donkey and such crop plants every bit teff allowed the beginning of agronomics around 7,000 B.C.^[41] Lowland barriers and diseases carried by the tsetse fly, however, prevented the donkey and agriculture from spreading southwards. Only in quite recent times has agriculture spread to the more humid regions southward of the equator, through the spread of cattle, sheep and crops such as millet. Language distributions suggest that this about probable occurred from Sudan into the African Neat Lakes region, since the Nilotic languages spoken by these pre-Bantu farmers take their closest relatives in the middle Nile basin.

Ancient history [edit]

Republic of djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and the Ruby-red Body of water coast of Sudan are considered the most likely location of the state known to the Ancient Egyptians as Punt.^[42] The old kingdom's first mention dates to the 25th century BC.^[43] The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had shut relations with Pharaonic Arab republic of egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut.

The Kingdom of Aksum was a trading empire centered in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia.^[44] It existed from approximately 100–940 AD, growing from the proto-Aksumite Iron Age menstruation c. quaternary century BC to attain prominence by the 1st century Advertisement. The kingdom is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea equally an of import market place for ivory, which was exported throughout the aboriginal world. Aksum was at the time ruled by Zoskales, who also governed the port of Adulis.^[45] The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own Aksumite currency. The country also established its hegemony over the failing Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian peninsula, eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom.

Bantu expansion [edit]

Betwixt 2500 and 3000 years ago, Bantu-speaking peoples began a millennia-long series of migrations eastward from their homeland around southern Cameroon. This Bantu expansion introduced agronomics into much of the African Great Lakes region. During the following fifteen centuries, the Bantu slowly intensified farming and grazing over all suitable regions of E Africa, in the process making contact with Austronesian- and Arabic-speaking settlers on southern coastal areas. The latter also spread Islam to the littoral belt, but most Bantu remained African Traditional Religion adherents.

Early Fe Age findings in East and Southern Africa

Over a period of many centuries, most hunting-foraging peoples were displaced and captivated by incoming Bantu communities, too as by afterward Nilotic communities.^[46] The Bantu expansion was a long serial of physical migrations, a diffusion of language and knowledge out into and in from neighboring populations, and a creation of new societal groups involving inter-spousal relationship among communities and small groups moving to communities and pocket-sized groups moving to new areas.^[47]

Later on their movements from their original homeland in West Africa, Bantus also encountered in central east Africa peoples of Cushitic origin.^{[ citation needed ]} Equally cattle terminology in use amid the few mod Bantu pastoralist groups suggests, the Bantu migrants would acquire cattle from their new Cushitic neighbors. Linguistic testify also indicates that Bantus nearly likely borrowed the custom of milking cattle directly from Cushitic peoples in the expanse.^[48]

On the coastal department of the African Great Lakes region, another mixed Bantu community developed through contact with Muslim Arab and Western farsi traders, leading to the evolution of the mixed Arab, Persian and African Swahili City States.^[49] The Swahili culture that emerged from these exchanges evinces many Arab and Islamic influences not seen in traditional Bantu culture, as do the many Afro-Arab members of the Bantu Swahili people. With its original speech customs centered on the coastal parts of Tanzania (particularly Zanzibar) and Kenya—a seaboard referred to equally the Swahili Coast—the Bantu Swahili linguistic communication contains many Arabic loan-words as a issue of these interactions.^[50]

The earliest Bantu inhabitants of the east coast of Kenya and Tanzania encountered past these later Arab and Persian settlers have been variously identified with the trading settlements of Rhapta, Azania and Menouthias^[51] referenced in early on Greek and Chinese writings from AD 50 to AD 500,^{[52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59]} ultimately giving rise to the name for Tanzania.^{[threescore] [61]} These early on writings perhaps certificate the first wave of Bantu settlers to achieve central eastward Africa during their migration.^[62]

Betwixt the 14th and 15th centuries, large African Nifty Lakes kingdoms and states emerged, such as the Buganda^[63] and Karagwe^[63] kingdoms of Uganda and Tanzania.

Modern history [edit]

Arab and Portuguese eras [edit]

The Portuguese were the kickoff Europeans to explore the region of current-day Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique past sea. Vasco da Gama visited Mombasa in 1498. Da Gama's voyage was successful in reaching India, which permitted the Portuguese to merchandise with the Far East straight by body of water. This in turn challenged the older trading networks of mixed land and sea routes, such as the spice trade routes which utilized the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and camel caravans to accomplish the eastern Mediterranean.

The Republic of Venice had gained control over much of the merchandise routes between Europe and Asia. Later traditional country routes to India had been closed past the Ottoman Turks, Portugal hoped to use the sea road pioneered by da Gama to pause the once Venetian trading monopoly. Portuguese rule in the African Great Lakes region focused mainly on a coastal strip centered around Mombasa. The Portuguese presence in the expanse officially began subsequently 1505, when flagships under the command of Don Francisco de Almeida conquered Kilwa, an island located in what is now southern Tanzania.

In March 1505, having received from Manuel I of Portugal the appointment of viceroy of the newly conquered territory in India, he fix canvass from Lisbon in command of a large and powerful fleet, and arrived in July at Quiloa (Kilwa), which yielded to him almost without a struggle. A much more vigorous resistance was offered by the Moors of Mombasa. However, the boondocks was taken and destroyed, and its big treasures went to strengthen the resource of Almeida. Attacks followed on Hoja (at present known as Ungwana, located at the oral fissure of the Tana River), Barawa, Angoche, Pate and other coastal towns until the western Indian Sea was a safe haven for Portuguese commercial interests. At other places on his way, such as the island of Angediva, near Goa, and Cannanore, the Portuguese built forts, and adopted measures to secure the Portuguese supremacy.

Portugal's main goal on the Swahili coast was to take control of the spice trade from the Arabs. At this stage, the Portuguese presence in E Africa served the purposes of controlling trade within the Indian Body of water and securing the bounding main routes linking Europe to Asia. Portuguese naval vessels were very disruptive to the commerce of Portugal's enemies inside the western Indian Sea and were able to need loftier tariffs on items transported through the body of water due to their strategic control of ports and shipping lanes. The construction of Fort Jesus in Mombasa in 1593 was meant to solidify Portuguese hegemony in the region, only their influence was clipped by the British, Dutch and Omani Arab incursions into the Groovy Lakes region during the 17th century.

The Omani Arabs posed the about direct challenge to Portuguese influence in the African Great Lakes region. They besieged Portuguese fortresses, openly attacked naval vessels and expelled the Portuguese from the Kenyan and Tanzanian coasts by 1730. By this fourth dimension, the Portuguese Empire had already lost its interest on the spice trade sea route due to the decreasing profitability of that business. The Arabs reclaimed much of the Indian Ocean trade, forcing the Portuguese to retreat south where they remained in Portuguese Eastward Africa (Mozambique) every bit sole rulers until the 1975 independence of Mozambique.

Omani Arab colonization of the Kenyan and Tanzanian coasts brought the one time contained urban center-states under closer foreign scrutiny and domination than was experienced during the Portuguese period. Like their predecessors, the Omani Arabs were primarily able simply to control the littoral areas, not the interior. However, the creation of clove plantations, intensification of the slave trade and relocation of the Omani majuscule to Zanzibar in 1839 by Seyyid Said had the consequence of consolidating the Omani power in the region.

Arab governance of all the major ports along the Swahili coast continued until British interests aimed peculiarly at catastrophe the slave trade and creation of a wage-labour system began to put pressure on Omani rule. By the late nineteenth century, the slave merchandise on the open seas had been completely outlawed by the British and the Omani Arabs had little ability to resist the British navy's ability to enforce the directive. The Omani presence connected in Zanzibar and Pemba until the Zanzibar Revolution in 1964. However, the official Omani Arab presence in Kenya was checked by German and British seizure of fundamental ports and creation of crucial trade alliances with influential local leaders in the 1880s.

Period of European imperialism [edit]

Map of British E Africa in 1911

Between the 19th and 20th century, East Africa became a theatre of contest between the major imperialistic European nations of the time. The three master colors of the African country were biscuit, cerise, and blue. The scarlet stood for the English language, blue stood for the French, and the beige stood for Germany during the menstruation of colonialism. During the catamenia of the Scramble for Africa, near every country in the larger region to varying degrees became part of a European colonial empire.

Portugal had starting time established a strong presence in southern Mozambique and the Indian Sea since the 15th century, while during this period their possessions increasingly grew including parts from the present northern Mozambique country, up to Mombasa in nowadays-twenty-four hour period Kenya. At Lake Malawi, they finally met the recently created British Protectorate of Nyasaland (nowadays Republic of malaŵi), which surrounded the homonymous lake on iii sides, leaving the Portuguese the control of lake'due south eastern declension. The British Empire fix foot in the region'southward near exploitable and promising lands acquiring what is today Uganda, and Kenya. The Protectorate of Republic of uganda and the Colony of Kenya were located in a rich farmland area more often than not appropriate for the cultivation of greenbacks crops like coffee and tea, as well as for beast husbandry with products produced from cattle and goats, such as caprine animal meat, beefiness and milk. Moreover, this area had the potential for a meaning residential expansion, being suitable for the relocation of a large number of British nationals to the region. Prevailing climatic conditions and the regions' geomorphology allowed the establishment of flourishing European style settlements like Nairobi, Vila Pery, Vila Junqueiro, Porto Amélia, Lourenço Marques and Entebbe.

The French settled the largest island of the Indian Ocean (and the fourth-largest globally), Madagascar, along with a group of smaller islands nearby, namely Réunion and the Union of the comoros. Madagascar became role of the French colonial empire post-obit ii military campaigns against the Kingdom of Madagascar, which information technology initiated after persuading Britain to relinquish its interests in the isle in exchange for command of Zanzibar off the coast of Tanganyika, an important island hub of the spices trade. The British also held a number of island colonies in the region, including the extended archipelago of Seychelles and the rich farming island of Mauritius, previously nether the French sovereignty.

The High german Empire gained control of a big surface area named German East Africa, comprising present-24-hour interval Rwanda, Burundi and the mainland part of Tanzania named Tanganyika. In 1922, the British gained a League of Nations mandate over Tanganyika which it administered until Independence was granted to Tanganyika in 1961. Following the Zanzibar Revolution of 1965, the independent land of Tanganyika formed the United Republic of Tanzania past creating a wedlock between the mainland, and the island chain of Zanzibar. Zanzibar is now a semi-autonomous state in a union with the mainland which is collectively and commonly referred to as Tanzania. German Due east Africa, though very extensive, was not of such strategic importance as the British Crown's colonies to the north: the inhabitation of these lands was difficult and thus express, mainly due to climatic conditions and the local geomorphology. Italian republic gained command of various parts of Somalia in the 1880s. The southern three-fourths of Somalia became an Italian protectorate (Italian Somaliland).

Meanwhile, in 1884, a narrow coastal strip of Somaliland came under British control (British Somaliland). This Somaliland protectorate was just contrary the British colony of Aden on the Arabian Peninsula. With these territories secured, Britain was able to serve equally gatekeeper of the sea lane leading to British Bharat. In 1890, beginning with the purchase of the small port town of (Asseb) from a local sultan in Eritrea, the Italians colonized all of Eritrea.

In 1895, from bases in Somalia and Eritrea, the Italians launched the Outset Italo–Ethiopian War against the Orthodox Empire of Ethiopia. By 1896, the war had go a total disaster for the Italians and Ethiopia was able to retain its independence. Ethiopia remained independent until 1936 when, after the 2d Italo-Abyssinian War, information technology became part of Italian East Africa. The Italian occupation of Ethiopia concluded in 1941 during Earth War II as role of the East African Entrada.The French also staked out an East African outpost on the route to French Indochina. Starting in the 1850s, the small protectorate of Djibouti became French Somaliland in 1897.

Mail-colonial catamenia [edit]

This section needs expansion. You lot tin help past calculation to it. (April 2019)

Pop depictions [edit]

In that location are movies that have depicted East Africa in diverse forms. 7 Days in Entebbe, The Last Male monarch of Scotland, Out of Africa, Queen of Katwe, The Constant Gardener, Hotel Rwanda, The Expert Lie, and Helm Phillips are a few of the critically acclaimed movies.^[64] In the video games Halo ii and Halo 3, East Africa is one of the fundamental locations for the campaigns.^[65]

Culture [edit]

Art [edit]

Compages [edit]

Habiliment [edit]

Cuisine [edit]

Music [edit]

Religion [edit]

Languages [edit]

In the Horn of Africa and Nile Valley, Afroasiatic languages predominate, including languages of the family's Cushitic (such every bit Beja, Oromo and Somali), Semitic (such as Amharic, Arabic and Tigrinya), and Omotic (such every bit Wolaytta) branches.

In the African Corking Lakes region, Niger-Congo languages of the Bantu branch are most widely spoken. Among these languages are Kikuyu, Kinyarwanda, Kirundi, Kisukuma, Luganda and many others. Swahili, with at least lxxx million speakers as a first or second language, is an important merchandise language in the Swell Lakes surface area. It has official status in Tanzania, Kenya and Republic of uganda.

Nilotic languages, such as Luo, Kalenjin, Maasai and Nuer, are spoken in bottom numbers, primarily in the African Peachy Lakes and Nile Valley.

Indo-European languages, such as English, French and Portuguese, remain important in higher institutions in some parts of the larger region.

Demographics [edit]

Eastern Africa had an estimated population of 260 1000000 in 2000. This was projected to reach 890 million by 2050, with an boilerplate growth rate of ii.five% per annum. The 2000 population is expected to quintuple over the course of the 21st century, to 1.6 billion every bit of 2100 (United nations estimates as of 2017).^[66] In Ethiopia, at that place is an estimated population of 102 million as of 2016.^[67]

Science and engineering science [edit]

Farther information in the sections of History of science and engineering in Africa:

• Astronomy
• Metallurgy
• Medicine
• Agriculture
• Textiles
• Maritime engineering
• Architecture
• Communication systems
• Commerce
• By country

Conflicts [edit]

Since the end of colonialism, several East African countries were riven with military coups, ethnic violence and oppressive dictators. The region has endured the following mail-colonial conflicts:

Northern East Africa (Horn of Africa)

• Ethiopian Ceremonious State of war 1974–1991
• Eritrean War of Independence 1961–1991
• Eritrean-Ethiopian War 1998–2000
• Ogaden War 1977–1978
• Dijboutian Civil State of war 1991–1994
• Somali Civil War 1991–2009

South Sudan

• Second Sudanese Civil State of war 1983–2005
• Internal Political-ethnic Conflict 2011–ongoing
• S Sudanese Ceremonious War 2013–2015

Southern East Africa (Southeast Africa)

• Burundian Ceremonious State of war 1993–2005 and the genocide of Hutus in 1972 and genocide of Tutsis in 1993
• Uganda–Tanzania State of war 1978–1979
• Ugandan Bush State of war 1981–1986
• Lord's Resistance Regular army insurgency in Uganda, Southward Sudan and Democratic republic of the congo ongoing
• Rwandan Civil War 1990–1993 and the Rwandan genocide against the Tutsi
• Zanzibar Revolution 1964

Exterior Southeast Africa with Southeast African participation

• First Congo War 1996–1997 and Second Congo War 1998–2003
• Kivu Conflict (Laurent Nkunda Rebellion)

Kenya has enjoyed relatively stable governance. Nevertheless, politics have been turbulent at times, including the attempted putsch in 1982 and the 2007 election riots.

Tanzania has known stable government since independence although there are meaning political and religious tensions resulting from the political union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964. Zanzibar is a semi-autonomous land in the United Republic of Tanzania.

Tanzania and Republic of uganda fought the Uganda–Tanzania State of war in 1978–1979, which led to the removal of Uganda's despotic leader Idi Amin.

Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda take each faced instability and indigenous conflict since independence, most notably the 1994 Rwandan genocide and the 1993 Burundi genocide and subsequent Burundian Civil War. Rwanda and Uganda continue to be involved in related conflicts outside the region.

Djibouti, as well every bit the Puntland and Somaliland regions of Somalia, accept too seen relative stability.^{[68] [69] [70]}

South Sudan peacefully seceded from the Sudan in 2011, six and a half years after a peace understanding ended the Second Sudanese Ceremonious War. South Sudanese independence was nearly derailed by the South Kordofan conflict, particularly a dispute over the status of the Abyei Expanse, and both Abyei and South Kordofan's Nuba Hills remained a source of tension between Juba and Khartoum every bit of 2011^[update].^[71]

Countries, capitals and largest cities [edit]

According to the CIA, as of 2017, the countries in the eastern Africa region have a total population of around 537.ix meg inhabitants.^[72]

Country / Territory	Capital letter	Largest metropolis past population[73]	2nd largest city past population[73]
East African Customs
Burundi	Gitega (22,989; 2012 est.)	Bujumbura	Muyinga
Kenya	Nairobi	Nairobi	Mombasa (915,101; 2009 est.)
Rwanda	Kigali	Kigali	Gitarama
Due south Sudan	Juba	Juba	Malakal
Tanzania	Dodoma	Dar es Salaam	Mwanza
Republic of uganda	Kampala (i,507,114; 2014 est.)	Kampala	Gulu
Horn of Africa
Djibouti	Republic of djibouti Urban center (529,000; 2018 est.)	Republic of djibouti Metropolis	Ali Sabieh
Eritrea	Asmara	Asmara	Keren
Ethiopia	Addis Ababa	Addis Ababa (two,739,551; 2007 est.)	Dire Dawa
Somalia	Mogadishu (2,572,125)	Mogadishu	Hargeisa
Indian Bounding main
Biot	Campsite Thunder Cove	Army camp Thunder Cove	–
Comoros	Moroni	Moroni	Mutsamudu
French Southern Territories	Saint Pierre	Port-aux-Français	–
Madagascar	Antananarivo (1,015,140; 2005 est.)	Antananarivo	Toamasina (3,133,518; 2009 est.)
Republic of mauritius	Port Louis	Port Louis	Boyfriend Bassin-Rose Colina
Mayotte	Mamoudzou	Mamoudzou	Dzaoudzi
Réunion	Saint Denis	Saint Denis	Saint Paul
Seychelles	Victoria	Victoria	Anse Etoile
Northeast Africa
Sudan	Khartoum	Omdurman	Khartoum
Southeast Africa
Republic of malaŵi	Lilongwe (868,800; 2012 est.)	Lilongwe	Blantyre (783,296; 2012 est.)
Mozambique	Maputo	Maputo	Nampula
Zambia	Lusaka	Lusaka	Kitwe
Zimbabwe	Harare	Harare	Bulawayo

Come across likewise [edit]

• African historiography
• Sub-Saharan Africa
• W Africa
• Southern Africa
• Central Africa
• North Africa
• Horn of Africa

References [edit]

1. ^ "United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Land and Area Codes Classifications (M49)". un.org.
2. ^ "Due east Africa". The New Oxford Lexicon of English, Judy Pearsall, ed. 2001. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; p. 582. "The eastern part of the African continent, especially the countries of Kenya, Republic of uganda, and Tanzania."
3. ^ Robert Thousand. Maxon, East Africa: An Introductory History, ii Revised edition, (West Virginia University: 1994), p. 1
4. ^ Mary Fitzpatrick and Tom Parkinson, Lonely Planet East Africa, 7th edition, (Lonely Planet Publications: 2006), p. 13
5. ^ Stock, Africa South of the Sahara, Second Ed., p. 24
6. ^ Somaliland is not included in the Un geoscheme, as information technology is internationally recognized every bit a function of Somalia.
7. ^ "E Africa". Merriam-Webster'southward Geographical Lexicon, 3rd ed. 2001. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, Inc.; p. 339. "A term oft used of the area now comprising the countries of Tanzania, Republic of kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Republic of burundi, and Somalia; sometimes used to include also other neighboring countries of E Africa."
8. ^ "East Africa Archived one November 2009 at WebCite". Encarta World English Dictionary [North American Edition] 2007. Microsoft Corporation. "[R]egion in east central Africa, normally taken to contain Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, Tanzania, and Uganda". Archived 2009-10-31.
9. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, inc, Jacob East. Safra, The New Encyclopædia Britannica, (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2002), p.61
10. ^ "Due east Africa". Encyclopedia of Food and Civilisation. 2003. The Cuff Group Inc. "East Africa comprises ten countries: Tanzania, Republic of burundi, Rwanda, Uganda, Sudan, Federal democratic republic of ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, and Republic of kenya."
11. ^ FAO – Eastward Africa: "With eight countries (Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, the Sudan, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania),[31] East Africa covers a land area of 5.nine million square kilometres."
12. ^ Sandra Fullerton Joireman, Institutional Modify in the Horn of Africa, (Universal-Publishers: 1997), p.ane
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Bibliography [edit]

• Christian Jennings (2005). "Eastern Africa: Regional Survey". In Kevin Shillington (ed.). Encyclopedia of African History. Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 649–659?. ISBN978-1-57958-245-half-dozen.

vansicklethestive.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa